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Navigating the nuclear energy path: risks and realities for Pakistan

Writer's picture: Dr. Farrukh ChishtieDr. Farrukh Chishtie

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Dr. Farrukh A. Chishtie


Pakistan's ambitious plans to construct another Chinese-designed nuclear power unit, while promising on the surface, come with significant challenges and risks.


As the nation grapples with energy shortages and environmental concerns, the allure of nuclear energy is undeniable. However, a deeper analysis reveals that this development could exacerbate existing vulnerabilities rather than solve them. Drawing insights from global trends and expert opinions, this article examines the implications of expanding Pakistan's nuclear energy infrastructure.

The global context of nuclear energy


The narrative around nuclear energy has shifted significantly in recent years. While it is touted as a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels, the feasibility of tripling nuclear energy capacity by 2050 is increasingly questioned. According to a detailed analysis published in Down to Earth, achieving such a target would require overcoming massive financial, technological, and societal barriers. The article highlights that global nuclear energy deployment faces high costs, long construction timelines, and unresolved issues around nuclear waste management.


As of mid-2023, there were just 407 operable nuclear reactors worldwide, which is 31 below the peak of 438 reactors in 2002, with a combined capacity of 365 gigawatts. These reactors are mostly old ones, built decades ago; the average age of the fleet has grown from 11.3 years in 1990 to 31.4 years in 2023 (World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2023). For nuclear energy to even maintain its current level of electricity production, most of these reactors will have to be replaced. However, replacing nuclear capacity will be exorbitantly expensive. Because of these high costs, and the rapid pace of building renewables, nuclear energy cannot maintain its share of electricity production.


The decline in nuclear capacity is not due to a lack of interest from governments. Between 2002 and 2023, there was a so-called nuclear renaissance. In the United States, the Bush administration’s 2005 Energy Policy Act offered numerous incentives, such as loan guarantees, to promote nuclear power. Spurred by these incentives, US electricity companies proposed building more than 30 reactors, many of them expected to start operating by 2021. Despite these efforts, nuclear energy expansion has faltered globally.


Countries like Germany and Japan are stepping away from nuclear energy, prioritizing renewable alternatives such as wind and solar power. Even advanced economies with established nuclear sectors struggle to justify the expansion of nuclear energy, given its high-risk profile. Against this backdrop, Pakistan's decision to proceed with another nuclear reactor raises critical questions about the long-term viability and safety of such investments.


Understanding Pakistan's energy dilemma


Pakistan’s energy landscape is characterized by chronic shortages, frequent blackouts, and a heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels. These challenges have spurred interest in diversifying the energy mix to include nuclear power. Proponents argue that nuclear energy offers a reliable and sustainable solution to the nation’s growing energy needs.


However, the track record of nuclear projects in Pakistan suggests otherwise. Delays, cost overruns, and safety concerns have plagued existing nuclear facilities. For instance, the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) has faced numerous operational challenges since its inception. Adding another reactor to this already strained system could amplify these issues, leaving the nation vulnerable to economic and environmental setbacks.


Safety and security concerns


The construction and operation of nuclear power plants inherently involve significant risks. Accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima serve as stark reminders of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear failures. While modern reactors incorporate advanced safety features, the human and technical factors contributing to accidents remain a concern.


Pakistan’s history of industrial mishaps, coupled with limited regulatory oversight, raises alarms about the nation’s ability to manage nuclear facilities safely. The region’s vulnerability to natural disasters, including earthquakes and floods, further compounds the risks. A nuclear incident in a densely populated area could have devastating consequences for public health, the environment, and economic stability.


The economic burden of nuclear energy


One of the most significant barriers to nuclear energy expansion is its cost. Building and maintaining nuclear power plants require massive financial investments. According to the Down to Earth article, even in countries with robust economies, nuclear projects often face budget overruns and prolonged construction periods.


For Pakistan, a developing nation already burdened with economic challenges, the financial implications are particularly severe. Allocating substantial resources to nuclear energy could divert funds from other critical sectors such as healthcare, education, and renewable energy development. Moreover, dependence on imported technology and expertise for nuclear projects undermines the goal of achieving energy independence.


Waste management: an unresolved issue


Nuclear power plants generate radioactive waste that remains hazardous for thousands of years. Managing this waste safely and securely is one of the most pressing challenges associated with nuclear energy. Pakistan currently lacks a comprehensive strategy for dealing with nuclear waste, raising concerns about long-term environmental and public health risks.


The absence of a robust waste management system not only endangers local communities but also poses a threat to the region’s ecological balance. Failure to address this issue could have far-reaching consequences, tarnishing Pakistan’s environmental credentials and international reputation.


Exploring alternatives: the case for renewables


Instead of doubling down on nuclear energy, Pakistan has an opportunity to invest in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower. These technologies are increasingly cost-competitive and offer scalable solutions to the nation’s energy crisis. Moreover, renewables align with global trends toward sustainable energy transitions, reducing reliance on imported fuels and mitigating environmental impacts.


Countries across the world are demonstrating the feasibility of renewable energy at scale. For instance, China and India have made significant strides in solar and wind energy development, achieving remarkable cost reductions and efficiency gains. By prioritizing renewables, Pakistan can leverage its abundant natural resources to build a resilient and sustainable energy future.


Charting a responsible energy path


The decision to construct another nuclear power unit in Pakistan is a pivotal moment for the nation’s energy strategy. While the promise of nuclear energy is enticing, it is crucial to weigh the risks and challenges associated with this technology. Lessons from the global nuclear experience underscore the importance of caution, transparency, and accountability in pursuing such projects.


Pakistan’s policymakers must adopt a holistic approach to energy planning, prioritizing safety, sustainability, and economic feasibility. By embracing renewable energy and addressing systemic inefficiencies in the energy sector, the nation can achieve a more secure and prosperous future. The path forward requires vision, commitment, and a willingness to learn from global best practices — a path that steers away from the perils of nuclear energy expansion.


In conclusion, As Pakistan embarks on its nuclear energy journey, it is imperative to recognize the associated risks and explore safer, more sustainable alternatives. The nation’s energy future hinges on making informed decisions that prioritize the well-being of its people and the environment. By fostering awareness and encouraging dialogue, we can collectively navigate the complexities of this critical issue and pave the way for a brighter, greener tomorrow.

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